11/29/2023 0 Comments Kentucky ethics opinion office sharingMany legal services are offered for this fee arrangement from consultation after a document review to full service "start-to-finish" work regarding a particular matter.īoth offerings require the consumer to make payment for the legal services through the website's payment portal for deposit into the matching service's account before any contact by the consumer with a participating lawyer. Another legal service offered on the website is a 15 or 30 minute consultation with a participating lawyer for a fixed fee provided by the next available participating lawyer who calls the consumer within 15 minutes of the consumer's purchase of the consultation. After paying the fixed fee, the consumer reviews profiles of participating lawyers and selects a lawyer to provide the legal services. For example, a consumer selects the desired legal services, pays a set price for a 15 minute consultation, pays another set price for review of a business document with a 30 minute consultation, or pays a set price for "start-to-finish" work. Many legal services are offered on the website for a fixed fee. All participating lawyers are branded with the business name to associate them with the non-law firm entity in advertisements to drive prospective clients to the website to purchase legal services at fixed prices. ![]() One such business model has a national website that includes in its business name "legal services" to market its online matching services to consumers needing legal services. To evaluate this issue, this Opinion reviews two online lawyer matching services to consider whether Michigan lawyers can remain ethically compliant if becoming a participating lawyer. Legal matching services are not new, but innovation in technology has spearheaded private entrepreneurial online matching services beyond the usual bar association non-profit lawyer referral services. The assessment requires a careful review of the business model to determine whether it constitutes a for-profit lawyer referral service and if compliance with the terms for participation requires a Michigan lawyer to violate the Michigan Rules of Professional Conduct (MRPC). The Committee has been asked to consider whether Michigan lawyers may ethically participate in online services that match prospective clients with lawyers. Violates MRPC 5.3 to the extent that the conduct of the matching service when performing administrative "back office" services traditionally done through the law firm does not comport with the professional obligations of the lawyer.Assists in the unauthorized practice of law in violation of MRPC 5.5(a) to the extent the online service holds itself out as a provider of legal services and guarantees satisfaction.Impedes compliance with MRPC 1.16(d) and its requirement that any unearned prepaid fees and unexpended advances on costs must be refunded.Subverts compliance with MRPC 1.15, which requires a lawyer to safeguard legal fees and expenses paid in advance by depositing them into a client trust account until the fee is earned and the expense is incurred.Violates MRPC 7.2(c), which prohibits a lawyer from giving anything of value to recommend a lawyer's services unless it is a reasonable payment for advertising the lawyer's services, the usual charges for a not-for-profit lawyer referral service, or payment for the sale of a law practice. ![]() Violates MRPC 5.4, which prohibits a lawyer from sharing fees with a nonlawyer.Violates MRPC 6.3(b), which prohibits a lawyer from participating in for-profit lawyer referral services. ![]() Therefore, a Michigan lawyer participating in this business model: Participation in a for-profit online matching service which for a fee matches prospective clients with lawyers constitutes an impermissible sharing of fees with a nonlawyer if the attorney's fee is paid to and controlled by the nonlawyer and the cost for the matching service is based on a percentage of the attorney's fee paid for the legal services provided by the lawyer.
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11/29/2023 0 Comments Ras alula and mahdistOsman Digna was at Kufit by mid- august, and Alula, aided by Beni- Amer allies, would defeat him there a month later.Īs a result of defeating the Mahdists, Ras Alula became the dominant native power in that region.īut while this battle stabilized Alula and his sovereignty in the turbulent regions of Africa' s northern horn, it also marked theįirst major and direct battle between a significant Mahdist and Ethiopian general.Ī new front in the Mahdist war had just been properly opened, and any The point is that Osman Digna advanced, and that orders for his withdrawal arrived too late to do anything about. Invade Ethiopia in an outright aggressive campaign. That Rasulullah posts a threat and wanted to nullify him or wanted to He wanted to spread religion), there are people who also believe that Osman Digna knew The reason for Osman Digna' sĪdvanced is unknown, and while some speculate that he wanted toĮxtend Mahdist influence without mounting a proper invasion ( others speculating that Spite of official Mahdist policy, by Osman Digna. The fall of Kassala opened a new path into Ethiopia - one that was very quickly seized upon, in ![]() Influence after recently occupying Massawa.ĭuring July, with no one to save it, fell into Mahdist control. Mahdist alliances - all while the Italian Empire steadily extended its own Rival factions harassing his trade lines and seeking Kassala, he was at the time more focused on other issues. The Ethiopian Empire' s northernmost region) would save Kassala, a coordinated While there was some British- Egyptian hope that Ras Alula ( governor of In January, 1884 the Mahdists began to put pressure on, and then besieged the city of Kassala.īy June 1885, it was in a horrible condition. Toward Ethiopians was primarily focused on defense, and letters between the Sudanese MahdiĪnd the Ethiopain Emperor show relatively decent initial relations. See the Mahdists shared much of their eastern frontier with theĮthiopian Empire, and they hoped that some sort of alliance could be formedīetween the two parties that Ethiopia could help them like " Najashi" had helpedĮarly Muslims a thousand years prior. But while Mahdist relations with Egypt - and thusīritain - were quickly hostile, relations with Ethiopia were a bit moreĬomplicated. When the Mahdists rose in 18, they destroyed Egyptian control over Garrisons of Kassala Amedib and Senhit, through Ethiopia and to Massawa. Handling of Ethiopian Egyptian disputes through Britain, who had essentially colonized Egypt.Įthiopian assistance and evacuating Egyptian troops from the Recognition of the Bogos lands as under Ethiopian control.Īssistance for appointing new Abunas, or leaders of the Ethiopian church.Įxtradition of criminals from either Egyptian or Ethiopian territory. ![]() The terms of the treaty are as follows:įree trade through Massawa, which Yohannes had insisted on. Yohannes not just closure to a victorious war against Egypt, but also aĭiplomatic, geopolitical, and economic victory. Needed stability on an otherwise uncertain frontier, while giving Emperor The treaty' s terms are,įor the most part, pretty straightforward - they give the British Empire much " Cold War" between Ethiopia and British- controlled- Egypt. Negotiating with representatives of the British empire, finally ending a " He came upon them, holding spears and mattocks and axes, and they met in a place called Kofit" |
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